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Anthony Horvath

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Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« on: June 01, 2009, 08:59:37 AM »

This thread is born of several threads.  In particular, it started out with my citation of Daniel 9 as a fulfilled prophecy and thus compelling evidence for the veracity of Christianity.  I urged that the huge glut in Messiah claimants at the time could be best understood in light of the chronology suggested by Daniel 9 and that at any rate it should be considered remarkable- something worthy of explanation on a mere historical level- that out of this time one such claimant in fact founded a religion consisting of millions and billions of people.

To this, Dannyboy suggested that it was all made up.  :)  More accurately, he said that Christians could have repressed other claimants so that the fact that the rise of Christianity can't be perceived to have much weight.  This resulted in a long thread where I challenged his assertion and demanded to know his evidence for anything like the pattern he suggested could legitimately eliminate our confidence in my basic assertion as described in the first paragraph.

Apparently we have reached a point where we can sit down and look at the messiah claimants themselves without having their accounts dismissed out of court as Christian 'interpolations' or forgeries.  And since I welcome the opportunity to analyze and substantiate my claims, I am happy to now have a discussion of those claimants and the context in which they emerged.

The Daniel 9 thread is here:  http://sntjohnny.com/smf/index.php/topic,3075.0.html

The 'Christian Book burning' thread is here:  http://sntjohnny.com/smf/index.php/topic,3115.0.html
« Last Edit: June 01, 2009, 09:18:57 AM by sntjohnny »
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #1 on: June 01, 2009, 09:24:20 AM »

Here is a chart that I generated to help illustrate the absolute fact that there was an interesting explosion of messiah claimants in the first century- and not again.  In my estimation, it is an incontrovertible fact that there was such an explosion.  When one considers how rare it is to have multi-source multi-attestation of things in ancient history, the abundance of these claims is even more remarkable.  In the next post I will list the source data.

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #2 on: June 01, 2009, 09:34:45 AM »

Clearly, something is going on in the first century!

This chart was constructed by using this very helpful site I found:

http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah00.html

It gives this list:

Quote
Ancient claimants
1. Judas, son of Hezekiah (4 BCE)
2. Simon of Peraea (4 BCE)
3. Athronges, the shepherd (4 BCE)
4. Judas, the Galilean (6 CE)
5. John the Baptist (c.28 CE)
6. Jesus of Nazareth (c.30 CE)
7. The Samaritan prophet (36 CE)
8. King Herod Agrippa (44 CE)
9. Theudas (45 CE)
10. The Egyptian prophet (52-58 CE)
11. An anonymous prophet (59 CE)
12. Menahem, the son of Judas the Galilean (66 CE)
13. John of Gischala (67-70 CE)
14. Vespasian (67 CE)
15. Simon bar Giora (69-70 CE)
16. Jonathan, the weaver (73 CE)
17. Lukuas (115 CE)
18. Simon ben Kosiba (132-135)
19. Moses of Crete (448)
Medieval claimants
1. Muhammad (570-c.632)
2. Abu Isa' al-Isfahani (c.700)
3. Moses al-Dar'i (c.1127)
4. David Alroy (c.1147)
5. A Yemenite Messiah (c.1172)
6. Abraham ben Samuel Abu'lafia (1230-1291)
 
Later claimants
1. Asher L
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #3 on: June 01, 2009, 09:44:19 AM »

Another point:  these messiah accounts come from multiple sources.  Here the Livius link I provided is helpful, as it provides the original source material prompting the description of the account.

Sources listed- and sometimes corroborating each other:

Flavius Josephus,
--- Jewish War and
--- Jewish Antiquities
Acts of the apostles
Tacitus, Histories
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Q (if you wish)
Epistles of Paul
Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 43a-b
Cassius Dio, Roman History,
Suetonius, Life of Vespasian 4
Zonaras, Epitome 11.16.

The Seutonius reference is interesting:
Quote
There had spread over all the Orient an old and established belief, that it was fated for men coming from Judaea to rule the world. This prediction, referring to the emperor of Rome -as afterwards appeared from the event- the people of Judaea took to themselves. (Suetonius, Life of Vespasian 4.5)

Evidently, not only was this whole messiah thing not a Christian invention, but was well known by outsiders and believed to be a very 'old and established' belief.

I have limited myself only to the first century claimants here, but as one can see, there were plenty of non-Christian attestations to this phenomena.  Tacitus, Suetonius, and of course Josephus.

Yes, all of these manuscripts were under the care of Christian copyists for all those centuries after the fall of Rome when none but they cared to do the work, but does anyone here insist that these are forgeries and interpolations?  Do we have to explore that thesis or can we accept the data as presented?

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #4 on: June 02, 2009, 07:06:12 AM »

Briefly - i am happy to agree that there were a disproportionate number of messiah-claimants during the 1st Century CE, and that one might reasonably look for an explanation for this.

Dont want to hold things up.   [biggrin
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #5 on: June 02, 2009, 09:03:49 AM »

Ok, and connecting back to our previous conversation noting that none of the other claimants had a religion spring up around them...

Can we add to the historical conundrum by agreeing that yes, there was a disproportionate number during the 1st Century AD, yes, one might reasonably look for an explanation for this, but also that out of these claimants can we observe only one became the founder of a massive new religion- or a new religion at all- and this too requires explanation?

As you can see by perusing the claimants (Livius with their links to the the original primary source material is the best way) a great deal of these claimants ended up dead, crushed to bits by the Romans, and reported as such by all of the extant sources.  (Ie, no Christian community stomped out the writings or followers of any of the claimants).  For that matter, even Jesus ended up dead at the hands of the Romans.

That he out of all the others that ended up dead at the hands of the Romans was recast as resurrected when none of the others did also requires explanation.

I think after you have perused those sources you will see why I felt the evidence was squarely against any hypothesis of Christian tampering.  In most cases, the dudes just ended up dead and their people scattered.  So say Josephus, Tacitus, Suetonius, and at a distant fourth, Biblical books, who of course we can't grant any additional credence to since we discovered in the course of this study various points that were corroborated by Jewish and Roman historians...
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #6 on: June 02, 2009, 11:40:51 AM »

Ok, and connecting back to our previous conversation noting that none of the other claimants had a religion spring up around them...

...that has survived, yes.   [biggrin

Can we add to the historical conundrum by agreeing that yes, there was a disproportionate number during the 1st Century AD, yes, one might reasonably look for an explanation for this, but also that out of these claimants can we observe only one became the founder of a massive new religion- or a new religion at all- and this too requires explanation?

It definitely requires an explanation, although i suspect that our 'prefered' explanations will be somewhat different.  i would observe, for instance, that whatever dynamic prompted the rise of so many messiah-candidates in the 1st Century would also be a motivating factor behind any religion stemming from one of said candidates.  The expectation of a messiah kind of presupposes the expectation of a new religion, wouldn't you say?

That he out of all the others that ended up dead at the hands of the Romans was recast as resurrected when none of the others did also requires explanation.

*shrug*  Sure, religion.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #7 on: June 02, 2009, 01:09:25 PM »

"...that has survived, yes.   Very Happy"

You are so stubborn.  Dannyboy ----->  [-(

"The expectation of a messiah kind of presupposes the expectation of a new religion, wouldn't you say?"

What makes you say that?  I think the evidence is quite plain that at the time, the expectation of a messiah presupposed the expectation of a new Davidic kingdom, and that this kingdom would be global in nature.  This is reflected very well in the Suetonius quote:

"There had spread over all the Orient an old and established belief, that it was fated for men coming from Judaea to rule the world"

There isn't a hint of a new religion in that quote.

I think the opposite was actually true:  the last thing anyone expected for the messiah was the founding of a new religion.  Ask RG.  I think he could actually agree with this.

""That he out of all the others that ended up dead at the hands of the Romans was recast as resurrected when none of the others did also requires explanation.""
"*shrug*  Sure, religion."

I can't let you get away with being so apathetic about the point.  I don't know where you stand but in my conversations with atheists the conspiracy-mongering erupts pretty quickly, asserting that the idea of the messiah being killed and coming back from the dead was a quaint- and common- reaction of an oppressed people.

But in fact, the oppressed people had in mind an idea of a messiah who wouldn't be killed at all, but in fact would usher in a new kingdom.

But more to the point, if you will examine the data, you will see only one of them had this reaction.  Isn't that what you see?

Furthermore, if you evaluate what the Christians themselves believed, in the Gospels though Jesus had himself said that he would have to die and then rise, none of this followers believed him and believed to the last that Jesus was going to be a Davidic ruler.

This is a big deal, because if messiah-resurrection-religion founding is common then we may chalk Christianity up as one among many and by your analysis, merely the one that 'won.'  But if in fact there were no competitors at all, and beyond there being no religion that formed up by any of them none of them showed much inclination to do any such thing, anyway, then this peculiarity requires explanation, and surely the explanation that it actually happened as described deserves to be on the table.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #8 on: June 02, 2009, 08:12:07 PM »

Your chart in the second post isn't showing. Can you try again?
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #9 on: June 02, 2009, 08:59:54 PM »

I can see it fine... it's also attached to the post so you could download it.  I show it as being downloaded 7 times.  Can you access it that way?
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #10 on: June 03, 2009, 12:35:14 AM »

No. I see a square with an "X" in it. I also don't see any attachment icon of any sort.
[eta] BTW, the same square with x appears on the left side below every user name and title.
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Let me strive every moment of my life, to make myself better and better, to the best of my ability, that all may profit by it.
Let me think of the right and lend all my assistance to those who need it, with no regard for anything but justice.
Let me take what comes with a smile, without loss of courage.
Let me be considerate of my country, of my fellow citizens and my associates in everything I say and do.
Let me do right to all, and wrong no man.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #11 on: June 03, 2009, 07:14:26 AM »

What browser are you using?  Is it Mozilla?  If so, do you have an addon that blocks images or what not?  I can email it to you if necessary but learning that you can't see the profile images too I think its a browser issue on your end.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #12 on: June 03, 2009, 08:01:49 AM »

I'm using IE (that's my default), but I have Mozilla. I just checked that, and your chart shows on it. It's pretty impressive, but (not to throw sand on the fire) you could also have simply written,
600 - 500 BCE 1
500 - 400 BCE
400 - 300 BCE 1
300 - 200 BCE
200 - 100 BCE
100 - 0 BCE
0 - 100 CE 21
100 - 200 CE 2
200 - 300 CE
300 - 400 CE
400 - 500 CE 1
500 - 600 CE 1
600 - 700 CE 1
700 - 800 CE
800 - 900 CE
900 - 1000 CE
1000 - 1100 CE
1100 - 1200 CE 3
1200 - 1300 CE 1
1300 - 1400 CE
1400 - 1500 CE
1500 - 1600 CE 3
1600 - 1700 CE 1
1700 - 1800 CE 1
1800 - 1900 CE 
1900 - 2009 CE 2
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"Violence in self-defense is absolutely justifiable." Irv Rubin interview, Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1995

Let me strive every moment of my life, to make myself better and better, to the best of my ability, that all may profit by it.
Let me think of the right and lend all my assistance to those who need it, with no regard for anything but justice.
Let me take what comes with a smile, without loss of courage.
Let me be considerate of my country, of my fellow citizens and my associates in everything I say and do.
Let me do right to all, and wrong no man.
--- Doc Savage's Oath

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #13 on: June 03, 2009, 08:18:14 AM »

Ah, but I like the visual effect of just seeing it.  Seeing is believing, as they say.  ;)
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #14 on: June 03, 2009, 04:33:56 PM »

Oh, I agree. That's why I admitted it was pretty impressive.
So, that settled, where are we going? Doesn't the fact that the messiah never showed render the discussion moot?
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(Rabbi Elijah Benamozegh, 1823-1901)

"Violence in self-defense is absolutely justifiable." Irv Rubin interview, Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1995

Let me strive every moment of my life, to make myself better and better, to the best of my ability, that all may profit by it.
Let me think of the right and lend all my assistance to those who need it, with no regard for anything but justice.
Let me take what comes with a smile, without loss of courage.
Let me be considerate of my country, of my fellow citizens and my associates in everything I say and do.
Let me do right to all, and wrong no man.
--- Doc Savage's Oath

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #15 on: June 03, 2009, 05:10:14 PM »

Quote
Doesn't the fact that the messiah never showed render the discussion moot?

lol so says a Noachide.

It is a historic reality that a great many Jews came to believe that the Messiah did in fact come.  These Jews founded a 'new' religion that now numbers in the billions.  It is worthy of examination, especially when we see that there were many other 'messiah' claimants at the time, and they came to nothing.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #16 on: June 04, 2009, 01:42:37 PM »

For the record, i only see a square with an 'x' in it as well, and i ONLY have IE.  i'm sure it was a very good chart though.   [smile

"...that has survived, yes.   Very Happy"

You are so stubborn.  Dannyboy ----->  [-(


Strictly factual.  i don't think it affects the debate especially.

"The expectation of a messiah kind of presupposes the expectation of a new religion, wouldn't you say?"

What makes you say that?  I think the evidence is quite plain that at the time, the expectation of a messiah presupposed the expectation of a new Davidic kingdom, and that this kingdom would be global in nature.


[research, research, research]  Hmm, ok.  My bad.

Let me allow that the exceptional circumstance of a long-lasting religion arising from one of the many messiah-candidates of the first century may have been due to the exceptional character of Jesus.

But in fact, the oppressed people had in mind an idea of a messiah who wouldn't be killed at all, but in fact would usher in a new kingdom.

But Jesus did die (i am positive on this point).  i'm not really disagreeing with you.  i think that Jesus was a radical with some very interesting ideas, and who (relying on his recorded words) believed that he was living in End Times.  The Daniel prophecy we have discussed could well have provided some apparent support for that belief.  Hey, you're all about going by the evidence - what does it say about a religion that its adherents over two thousand years, from its founder up to and including some major church leaders today, have all been convinced that the world was about to end.  Dreary?  Pessimistic?  Irrational?   [biggrin

Furthermore, if you evaluate what the Christians themselves believed, in the Gospels though Jesus had himself said that he would have to die and then rise, none of this followers believed him and believed to the last that Jesus was going to be a Davidic ruler.

i will give Jesus some credit for his intelligence in realising that this was not realistic.
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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #17 on: June 04, 2009, 05:39:58 PM »

Quote
Doesn't the fact that the messiah never showed render the discussion moot?

lol so says a Noachide.

Nope. So says history when compared to what the Bible tells us to expect from the messiah. Specifically, I'm talking about Daniel.

It is a historic reality that a great many Jews came to believe that the Messiah did in fact come.

And it's a fact they were all wrong.
 
These Jews founded a 'new' religion that now numbers in the billions.

Apikorosim don't help prove Jesus was the messiah. It'll take more than that. Like... the messianic era. That would prove the messiah has come.

It is worthy of examination, especially when we see that there were many other 'messiah' claimants at the time, and they came to nothing.

That is true. All of it. All right, I'm listening.
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Mankind cannot rise to the essential principles on which society must rest unless it meets with Israel. And Israel cannot fathom the depths of its own Tradition unless it meets with mankind.
(Rabbi Elijah Benamozegh, 1823-1901)

"Violence in self-defense is absolutely justifiable." Irv Rubin interview, Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1995

Let me strive every moment of my life, to make myself better and better, to the best of my ability, that all may profit by it.
Let me think of the right and lend all my assistance to those who need it, with no regard for anything but justice.
Let me take what comes with a smile, without loss of courage.
Let me be considerate of my country, of my fellow citizens and my associates in everything I say and do.
Let me do right to all, and wrong no man.
--- Doc Savage's Oath

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #18 on: June 04, 2009, 05:57:49 PM »

Let's break this up into two parts.  A major and a minor.  I don't want to get bogged down on the minor but its worth consideration.

Minor: 

"what does it say about a religion that its adherents over two thousand years, from its founder up to and including some major church leaders today, have all been convinced that the world was about to end."

How sure are you that this reflects reality?  I know that this is the liberal-skeptical line.  I know that there are various instances in history that have believed the world was about to end.  On the other hand, the founder you speak of specifically and explicitly said "No man knows the the hour except the Father in heaven."  Also, that the end would come like a thief in the night.  It is a bit hard to believe that the end would come unexpectedly when you expect it?

Think about that.  How do people who accept that the founder said the end would come unexpectedly nonetheless expect it?  Something doesn't add up.  Part of it is that there have been people throughout history who haven't listened to what Jesus himself said here.  And part of it is a Liberal myth.

Remember, if you will, that up until the Reformation the church was almost uniformly amillennialist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amillennialism) and even then the folks who really enjoy calculating the times and seasons, the Dispensationalists, didn't really come into large numbers until the 1900s.  While being an amillennialist doesn't preclude end time fascination, the model is entirely different and does not play into the Liberal myth.

For example, when I was teaching religion I was clear to point out that it is useless to make end time speculations in terms of timing.  We are always supposed to live as though it might be the end times but that is different than trying to calculate the day and hour.  I am not RCC, but I am an amillennialist (as are many in the reformed tradition).

Ok, on to the major point.
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Anthony Horvath

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Re: Messiah Claimants of the First Century
« Reply #19 on: June 04, 2009, 06:01:21 PM »

Major point:

"But Jesus did die (i am positive on this point)."

I also am positive on this point.  So now we turn to the other 1st century messiah claimants, most of whom died at the ruthless hands of the Romans.  How many of these believed that they would rise from the dead after their death?  How many of these spawned groups of any size that believed their favorite messiah rose from the dead?

I await your answer on this point.
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Today's Favorite Quote:  "The UN is like GI Joe - an organization with the goal of world peace. Difference being one of them actually achieves their goals."  EndBringer

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